Neutron detector cell efficiency

ABSTRACT

Neutron detection cells and corresponding methods of detecting charged particles that make efficient use of silicon area are set forth. Three types of circuit cells/arrays are described: state latching circuits, glitch generating cells, and charge loss circuits. An array of these cells, used in conjunction with a neutron conversion film, increases the area that is sensitive to a strike by a charged particle over that of an array of SRAM cells. The result is a neutron detection cell that uses less power, costs less, and is more suitable for mass production.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/536,950, filed on Aug. 6, 2009 titled “NEUTRON DETECTOR CELL EFFICIENCY”, which also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/148,448 filed on Jan. 30, 2009 titled “NEUTRON DETECTOR CELL EFFICIENCY”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein for all purposes.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

The United States Government has acquired certain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. N00173-08-C-6013, awarded by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a structure for providing sensitive detection capability for neutrons, and more particularly, to a sensor detector component of a neutron detection structure that is low cost, low power, able to be mass-produced, and makes efficient use of the silicon area.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The threat of large scale terrorist attacks has resulted in an increased interest in methods for the detection of weapons of mass destruction and their related materials for homeland security. Of particular interest are passive detection systems (meaning non-intrusive devices detecting the proximity of certain materials), which, if they can be mass produced at low cost and low power, afford the broadest deployment and therefore the most coverage and security. Because radioactive material emits neutrons while self-fissioning, a passive neutron detection device is of particular interest for the detection of clandestine nuclear material.

Recently a semiconductor-based solid state neutron detector has been proposed in which a “neutron conversion layer” (a layer containing a material such as boron isotope 10B which is understood to efficiently react with neutrons to generate high energy charged particles) is placed in very close proximity to an array of charge-sensitize circuits, such as a DRAM memory cell, a FLASH memory cell, or an SRAM memory cell. An industry standard 6-transistor (6T) SRAM cell 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,867,444 and 7,271,389, assigned to the United States Navy, sets forth two such neutron detection devices and are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The 10B doped film reacts with incident neutrons to produce alpha particles that generate charge in the memory cell silicon and cause binary state changes known as single event upsets (SEUs). The upsets, and thus the presence of neutrons, are detected by periodically scanning the memory array and comparing it to the originally loaded data pattern

Though an SRAM, DRAM, or non-volatile memory array may accomplish the above task, it may not be the most ideal candidate for the cell that monitors charged particle induced behavior change. For example, SRAM cells are designed to support random read and write access of individual memory cells (bits) and to store random data patterns. None of this functionality is required for the detection of charge generation and collection; all that is needed is a circuit array that can be periodically scanned for evidence of “hits” by the charged particles generated in the neutron conversion layer.

Further, an SRAM cell is designed for minimum area, and while sufficiently small cells are important, individual circuit cell size is not the real priority. The most important aspect for achieving a low-cost, low-power, mass-producible neutron detection device is the efficiency of the silicon area used. Referring to the case where the neutron conversion layer contains boron isotope 10B and the product of the reaction is alpha particles, the silicon area used by the SRAM cell, for example, is typically very large compared to the cross sectional area that is actually sensitive to a strike by an alpha particle. An area efficiency term can be defined as: the memory cell silicon area in which an alpha particle can induce an upset divided by the total memory cell silicon area. For a charge-sensitive circuit cell ideal for the neutron detector application this ratio would approach 1; in the case of the SRAM cell this ratio may in fact be less than 0.05. And thus 95% of the silicon is wasted, increasing cost, area, and power.

Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an array of semiconductor circuits used in a neutron detection device that makes more efficient use of the silicon area, uses less power, is low cost, and is able to be mass produced.

SUMMARY

Three types of circuit arrays that have an improved area efficiency, as defined above, and can be used to detect and count the alpha particles as they “hit” the circuit are: (1) state latching circuits; (2) glitch generating circuits; and (3) charge loss circuits.

State latching circuits are single event upset based and store the binary state change for later readout. These circuits allow for very infrequent reads as well as a spatial mapping of the upsets. Unneeded transistors and signal lines are removed from an SRAM cell to create the desired circuit.

Glitch generating circuits, or edge producing cells, create a rising or falling edge for each upset detected. The upset is not latched as in the previous example, but instead intended to trigger a counting circuit. These circuits can most likely realize a higher area efficiency as well as read “hits” in real time. The charge required to cause sufficient current to flow through a device (transistor, BJT, diode, etc.) to produce a glitch, or upset, referred to as Qcrit, is lower with this method.

Charge loss circuits create charge leakage on a node in response to charged particle (i.e., alpha particle) intrusion. The observable circuit change can be cell current, threshold voltage, change in voltage on the bit-line during a read, a floating body effect, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an industry standard 6T SRAM cell.

FIGS. 2-13 illustrate state latching charged particle detectors according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 14-21 illustrate glitch generating charged particle detectors according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 22 illustrates a charge loss charged particle detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23 illustrates a charge loss charged particle detector according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 24-26 illustrate charge loss charged particle detectors according to further embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Introduction

The embodiments described herein provide circuit arrays and corresponding methods to detect charged particle intrusion for use in a neutron detection structure that make the most efficient use of the silicon area, are low cost, low power, and able to be mass produced. In general, the circuits are composed of p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs with various embodiments including resistors, capacitors, diodes, and BJTs.

State Latching Circuits

FIG. 2 a illustrates a circuit 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This circuit 200 is essentially a one-state memory cell lacking a second bitline, and second enable select transistor. Initial writing of the cell is performed by driving the bitline to Vss and enabling mn4 by driving the wordline. Node2 is therefore driven to Vss thus turning off mn1 and turning on mp1. Turning on mp1 drives node1 to Vdd, thus turning on mn2 and ensuring node2 remains at Vss. Incident charged particles will cause a channel to open in mn1 upsetting the latch by driving mp2 and thus storing Vdd on node 2. A readout of the bit line would indicate if a charged particle had changed the state of the cell. The body of mn1 can be left floating or tied to Vss (not shown). If the body is left floating, deposited charge will multiply making the cell easier to upset.

In some alternate embodiments, mp1 can be weakened as well to increase the ability for a charged particle to upset the latch. Several techniques exist for weakening a p-channel MOSFET including implant, backbias, drawn geometry, increased gate oxide thickness, and gate doping, as well as other methods well known in the art.

Circuit 200 is configured as a “write-zero” device, i.e. a “zero”, or low (Vss) voltage is written to node2 through the bitline. Upsets appear as “ones” at node2. This circuit 200 could just as easily be implemented as a “write-one” device without departing from the scope of the invention. Such a device is shown as circuit 202 in FIG. 2 b. Here, a “one”, or high (Vdd) voltage is written into node2 through the bitline. Upsets appear as “zeros” (Vss) on node2. In circuit 202, mn1 can be weakened as well to increase the ability of a charged particle to upset the latch.

FIGS. 3 a, 4 a, and 5 a illustrate circuits 300, 400, and 500 corresponding to further embodiments of the present invention. A charge collector in the form of a diode in FIG. 3 a, a BJT in FIG. 4 a, and a MOSFET in FIG. 5 a is added to the circuit 200 of FIG. 2 a, in parallel with mn1, as an additional target upset device. The diode should be designed to maximize sensitive volume and charge generation while minimizing the additional capacitance (Q_(crit)). The base of the BJT can be floating or it can be tied to Vss (not shown). If the base is left floating, deposited charge will multiply. In FIG. 5 a, the MOSFET is shown as an nFET having a gate terminal coupled to Vss, however it should be noted that one could substitute this for a pFET having a gate terminal coupled to Vdd. The gate of the MOSFET can be tied to ground (Vss) or an additional wordline-type bus for testing (not shown). The bulk connection (not shown) of the MOSFET can either be tied to ground or left as “floating body”, in which case the deposited charge will be multiplied by the gain of the parasitic npn inherent to the n-channel transistor.

It should be noted that mp1 can be weakened in each of the above embodiments as well utilizing the aforementioned weakening methods. It should also be noted that each of the above embodiments are not limited to one collector device per cell; multiple collector devices can be utilized in the same cell.

FIGS. 3 b, 4 b, and 5 b illustrate the “write-one” versions 302, 402, and 502 of the “write-zero” circuits 300, 400, and 500. It should be noted that in the “write-one” circuits 302, 402, and 502, mn1 can be weakened to increase the ability of a charged particle to upset the latch.

FIGS. 6 a, 7 a, 8 a, and 9 a illustrate circuits 600, 700, 800, and 900 according to further embodiments of the present invention. Mp1 in the circuit 200 may be replaced with a very large resistor as illustrated in circuit 600 of FIG. 6 a. The resistance of R1 may be 100 kΩ or greater. A large R1 will slow node1's recovery and make the cell easier to upset. Once the cell has been upset, DC current will flow in the Vdd line possibly providing an alternate means for determining when a certain number of cells have been upset. Charge collector devices can also be added in parallel to mn1 illustrated in circuits 700, 800, and 900 of FIGS. 7 a, 8 a, and 9 a respectively, similar to circuits 300, 400, and 500.

FIGS. 6 b, 7 b, 8 b, and 9 b illustrate the “write-one” versions 602, 702, 802, and 902 of the “write-zero” circuits 600, 700, 800, and 900.

FIG. 10 a illustrates a circuit 1000 according to another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the gate of mp1 is tied to a Vbias line instead of to node2. The Vbias line is used set the recovery current of mp1 and thus sensitivity of the cell, and may also be employed to assist in the setup and reset of the cell. Again, DC current will flow in the Vdd line for upset cells which can possibly provide an alternate means for determining when a certain number of cells have been upset. Charge collector devices can also be added in parallel to mn1, as illustrated in circuits 1100, 1200, and 1300 of FIGS. 11 a, 12 a, and 13 a respectively, similar to circuits 300, 400, and 500. In each of circuits 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300, mp1 can be optionally weakened to increase the ability of a charged particle to upset the latch.

FIGS. 10 b, 11 b, 12 b, and 13 b illustrate the “write-one” versions 1002, 1102, 1202, and 1302 of the “write-zero” circuits 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300. In these “write-one” circuits, mn1 can be optionally weakened to increase the ability of a charged particle to upset the latch.

Glitch Generating Cells

FIG. 14 a illustrates circuit 1400 according to a further embodiment of the present invention. This circuit is intended to produce a glitch, or a rising edge, on the bitline for each upset. Mn1 can be one or more charge collecting MOSFETs with the bulk connection (not shown) tied to Vss or left as “floating body”. If left as floating body, the deposited charge will be multiplied by the gain of the parasitic npn inherent to the n-channel transistor. Circuit 1400 illustrates a glitch generating cell with a resistor R1 coupled between Vdd and node1. The value of R1, which may be 100 kΩ or more, is chosen such that the charging time to bring node1 back to Vdd after an upset is long enough to produce a rising edge on the bit line. The wordline is kept low and used for testing the array. The bit line is held low but is high impedance, and may be tied to a counting circuit. A charged particle strike on transistor mn1 will cause the voltage on node 1 to collapse to Vss, turning on transistor mp2, thus producing a rising edge on the bit line. Many cells, possibly even several rows, can share a common bitline and detect circuit. The limitation is that the “on” current of mp2 must be sufficient to drive the aggregate bitline capacitance to a detectable voltage level before node1 can recover from the charged particle strike. Because the cells are not individually accessed there is no means to detect which cell received the alpha particle strike, thus some information about the location of the neutron penetration is lost.

Charge collector devices can also be added in parallel to mn1, as illustrated in circuits 1500, 1600, and 1700 of FIGS. 15 a, 16 a, and 17 a respectively, similar to circuits 300, 400, and 500. In circuit 1600, the base of the BJT can be floating or it can be tied to Vss (not shown). If the base is left floating, deposited charge will multiply. The gate of the MOSFET in circuit 1700 can be tied to ground (Vss) or an additional wordline-type bus for testing (not shown). The bulk connection (not shown) of the MOSFET can either be tied to ground or left as “floating body”, in which case the deposited charge will be multiplied by the gain of the parasitic npn inherent to the n-channel transistor.

The circuits 1400, 1500, 1600, and 1700 produce rising edges on the bit line each time a particle strike is detected, but these circuits could just as easily produce falling edges on the bitline instead. FIGS. 14 b, 15 b, 16 b, and 17 b illustrate the “falling-edge” versions 1402, 1502, 1602, and 1702 of the “rising-edge” circuits 1400, 1500, 1600, and 1700.

FIG. 18 a illustrates a circuit 1800 according to another embodiment of the present invention. The principle in this circuit is the same as that of circuit 1400, but the resistor is replaced with a biased p-channel transistor. Similar to that of circuit 1000, the Vbias line is used to set the recovery current of mp1 and thus the sensitivity of the cell, and may also be employed to assist in the setup and testing of the cell.

FIGS. 19 a, 20 a, and 21 a illustrate circuits corresponding to circuit 1800 in which charge collectors have been placed in parallel with mn1. FIGS. 18 b, 19 b, 20 b, and 21 b illustrate the “falling-edge” versions 1802, 1902, 2002, and 2102, of the “rising-edge” circuits 1800, 1900, 2000, and 2100.

Charge Loss Circuits

FIG. 22 illustrates a circuit 2200 according to another embodiment of the present invention. This circuit is constructed as an array of partially-depleted floating-body SOI transistors (though only one is shown) with drains coupled to bit lines and sources coupled to Vss. The floating body serves as the storage node which will be affected by the charged particle intrusion. By adjusting the biases on the bitline, the wordline, and the Vss line, the floating body potential may be charged either positive (lowering the threshold potential) or negative (increasing the threshold potential). Because the array is simply set-up for “hits” and not storing random data patterns, to whatever degree the setup currents permit the entire array may be “set-up” in a single parallel operation. After “set-up” the bias conditions on the bitline, wordline, and Vss line are set so as to maximize the retention time of the stored state, this being detection mode. If a charged particle penetrates the channel of the transistor, electron-hole pairs will be generated, significantly altering the body potential and thus the threshold voltage of the transistor. Wordline and bitline voltages are optimized for the read operation to discriminate between a cell which is intact compared with a cell which has experienced a charged particle intrusion. Similar to most DRAM implementations, a read is most likely destructive of the stored or “upset” state, and retention time of the stored state is limited, so the array needs to be scanned and “re-set-up” (i.e., refreshed) somewhat frequently. Depending upon bias conditions, in some implementations it may be possible to have the read operation and the reprogram (i.e., re-set-up) operation be essentially the same operation, or at least performed at the same time. While this floating-body single transistor body charge storage implementation has the disadvantages of requiring frequent reads and refreshes, the Qcrit is very low and the cross sectional efficiency may be very high.

In another embodiment of the present invention a charge storage memory device such as floating gate, nitride storage (SONOS), nano-crystal, or nano metal particle device is used. FIG. 23 details a specific case in which a floating gate EEPROM device, such as the one described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,378,705, is used. As power is applied to the device 2300, a “one” is written to a full array of memory cells by passing F-N tunneling currents through the gate oxide into a MOS capacitor. Power is removed and the device enters a passive detection mode. Charged particles that pass through the gate oxide generate electron-hole pairs, some of which recombine and some of which transport to discharge the capacitor. Upon readout, the number of failing cells is compared to a threshold value based on the number of naturally occurring failing cells to determine the presence of charged particles. Other examples of floating gate device structures include: EPROM, NOR flash, NAND flash, and EEPROM such as the one described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,378,705.

FIGS. 24 a-f illustrate circuits 2400-2410 according to further embodiments of the present invention. The cell current read on the bitline depends upon the charge stored on the charge storage node. Charged particle intrusion will affect the charge on this node and thus the read current. Multiple charge collecting devices can be used including a MOSFET, diode, and a BJT. Circuits 2400, 2402, and 2404 illustrate charge collectors that discharge low while circuits 2406, 2408, and 2410 illustrate charge collectors that discharge high.

FIGS. 25 a-c illustrate circuits 2500-2504 according to further embodiments of the present invention. These circuits are similar to those of FIG. 24 a-c except that the read select transistors are removed.

FIGS. 26 a-c illustrate circuits 2600-2604 according to further embodiments of the present invention. These circuits are similar to those of FIGS. 25 a-c except the read bitline is replaced with a capacitor. Charge loss induced by incident charged particles creates a variable voltage drop across the capacitor.

It should be understood that the above embodiments are not limited to a specific process technology, namely an SOI or a Bulk Silicon process, but rather intended to be utilized with a variety of process technologies. Such technologies may include Bulk (junction isolated) CMOS or BICMOS, SOI (oxide insulated) CMOS or BICMOS including: floating-body SOI, body-tie SOI, an SOI employing a mix, and partially depleted or fully depleted SOI, thick or thin SOI, junction isolated implemented on thick SOI, or CMOS based non-volatile technologies.

While certain features and embodiments of the present application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the application encompasses all modifications and enhancements within the scope and spirit of the following claims. 

1: A method comprising: providing a first one or more bias signals onto one or more of a bitline, a wordline, and a voltage source coupled to a transistor, wherein each of the bitline and the voltage source is coupled to a different one of a source terminal and a drain terminal of the transistor, and wherein the wordline is coupled to a gate terminal of the transistor, thereby either positively or negatively charging a floating body potential of the transistor so as to either lower or increase a threshold voltage of the transistor relative to a nominal threshold voltage of the transistor; providing a second one or more bias signals onto one or more of the bitline, the wordline, and the voltage source so as to detect a change in the lowered or increased threshold voltage; and detecting one or more charged particles incident upon the transistor, based at least in part on the detected change in the lowered or increased threshold voltage. 2: The method of claim 1, whereby charged particles incident upon the transistor alter the floating body potential and thereby cause the change in the lowered or increased threshold voltage of the transistor. 3: The method of claim 1, wherein the transistor comprises a partially depleted floating body Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) transistor. 4: The method of claim 1, wherein the transistor comprises one of the following: a junction isolated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or bipolar junction CMOS (BICMOS) transistor; and an oxide insulated Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS or BiCMOS transistor, including one of a floating-body SOI, a body-tie SOI, a mixed SOI, a partially depleted SOI, a fully depleted SOI, a thick SOI, and a thin SOI transistor, as well as a junction isolated transistor implemented on a thick SOI. 5: The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a third one or more bias signals onto one or more of the bitline, the wordline, and the voltage source, thereby either positively or negatively charging the floating body potential so as to either lower or increase the lowered or increased threshold voltage relative to the nominal threshold voltage. 6: The method of claim 5, wherein the second one or more bias signals and the third one or more bias signals comprise a same one or more bias signals. 7: The method of claim 5, wherein providing the second one or more bias signals and providing the third one or more bias signals is performed substantially contemporaneously. 8: The method of claim 1, wherein the bitline, the wordline, the voltage source, and the transistor comprise one of a plurality of substantially similar charged particle detectors configured within a charged particle detection system, the method further comprising: detecting one or more charged particles incident upon one or more transistors of the plurality of substantially similar charged particle detectors. 9: A method comprising: providing a power source to each of one or more charge storage memory devices comprising a plurality of memory cells; writing a first one or more data signals into the one or more charge storage memory devices, thereby storing a charge that corresponds to either a logic “0” value, or a logic “1” value, within each of the plurality of memory cells; removing the power source from each of the one or more charge storage memory devices, whereby the one or more charge storage memory devices enter a passive detection mode, and whereby charged particles incident upon the one or more charge storage memory devices cause a change in a logic value stored within each of one or more of the plurality of memory cells; reading a second one or more data signals from the one or more charge storage memory devices, thereby reading either a logic “0” value, or a logic “1” value, from each of the plurality of memory cells; comparing the first one or more data signals to the second one or more data signals, to determine a number of actual failed memory cells of the plurality of memory cells; determining an expected number of failed memory cells for the plurality of memory cells; comparing the actual number of failed memory cells to the expected number of failed memory cells; and detecting one or more charged particles incident upon the one or more charge storage memory devices, based at least in part on the comparison. 10: A charged particle detector comprising: a voltage source; a charge storage node; a bitline for writing signals to the charge storage node; a transistor coupled between the bitline and the charge storage node; a wordline for writing signals to the charge storage node, wherein the wordline is coupled to a gate terminal of the transistor; and a circuit element coupled between the charge storage node and the voltage source, whereby charged particles incident upon the circuit element create a conduction path between the charge storage node and the voltage source and cause charge leakage from the charge storage node to the voltage source. 11: The charged particle detector of claim 10, further comprising a capacitor coupled between the charge storage node and the voltage source. 12: The charged particle detector of claim 10, wherein the circuit element is selected from a group consisting of a diode, a BJT, and a MOSFET having a gate terminal coupled to the voltage source. 13: The charged particle detector of claim 10, further comprising a detection circuit configured to: determine a change in a voltage on the charge storage node; and detect one or more charged particles incident upon the circuit element based on the change in the voltage on the charge storage node. 14: The charged particle detector of claim 10, wherein the transistor comprises a first transistor, and wherein the bitline comprises a first bitline, the charged particle detector further comprising: a second bitline for reading signals from the charge storage node; and a second transistor coupled between the second bitline and the voltage source, the second transistor having a gate terminal coupled to the charge storage node. 15: The charged particle detector of claim 14, wherein the second transistor comprises a floating body transistor. 16: The charged particle detector of claim 14, wherein the second transistor comprises one of the following: a junction isolated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or bipolar junction CMOS (BICMOS) transistor; and an oxide insulated Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS or BiCMOS transistor, including one of a floating-body SOI, a body-tie SOI, a mixed SOI, a partially depleted SOI, a fully depleted SOI, a thick SOI, and a thin SOI transistor, as well as a junction isolated transistor implemented on a thick SOI. 17: The charged particle detector of claim 14, wherein the conduction path comprises a first conduction path, and whereby charged particles incident upon the second transistor create a second conduction path between the charge storage node and the voltage source and cause charge leakage from the charge storage node to the voltage source. 18: The charged particle detector of claim 14, wherein the wordline comprises a first wordline, the charged particle detector further comprising: a second wordline for reading signals from the charge storage node; and a third transistor coupled between the second bitline and the second transistor, the third transistor having a gate terminal coupled to the second wordline. 19: The charged particle detector of claim 14, further comprising a detection circuit configured to determine one or more of: a cell current of the charged particle detector, wherein the cell current comprises a current passing between the second bitline and the voltage source through the second transistor; a threshold voltage of the second transistor; and a voltage on the second bitline, and wherein the detection circuit is further configured to detect one or more charged particles incident upon the charged particle detector based on one or more of the cell current, the threshold voltage, and the voltage on the second bitline. 20: The charged particle detector of claim 10, wherein the charged particle detector comprises one of a plurality of substantially similar charged particle detectors configured within a charged particle detection system, and wherein the charged particle detection system is configured to combine one or more of a cell current, a threshold voltage, and a voltage on a second bitline, of each of the plurality of charged particle detectors to detect one or more charged particles incident upon one or more of the plurality of charged particle detectors. 